Vertebral Artery Syndrome: Literature Review With A Focus On Etiology, Classification, Diagnosis, And Treatment

Abstract

Vertebral artery syndrome (VAS) is a relevant interdisciplinary problem in modern neurology caused by impaired blood flow in the vertebral arteries and their branches. The review examines current concepts of the epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis of VAS, with special attention paid to its association with cervical spondylosis and lifestyle. The main classifications (etiopathogenetic, clinical, topical, by stages and mechanisms), clinical variants of the course, diagnostic criteria according to N.V. Vereshchagin, as well as the algorithm of complex examination are presented. The principles of conservative and surgical treatment, rehabilitation, and prevention are highlighted. The necessity of early diagnosis, a differential approach, and interdisciplinary interaction to improve outcomes and quality of life of patients is emphasized.