Eurasian Scientific Herald (ESH) is an Open Access, Peer Reviewed, International, Refereed, Scientific Journal that publishes original research and review articles related to diverse areas of therotical and applied sciences. ESH will be published bimonthly online from August 2021. The main objective of Eurasian Scientific Herald (ESH) is to offer an intellectual platform to the international scholars and it aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in applied sciences. All manuscripts must be prepared in English language and subject to a rigorous peer-review process. ISSN (E): 2795-7365 Journal Impact Factor: 8.225
The G308A Polymorphism of the Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Gene and the Inflammatory Mechanism of Chronic Venous Insufficiency of the Lower Extremities
Oxidative stress is a core mechanism of secondary injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase, encoded by SOD2, is the principal defence against the superoxide radical, and the common Ala16Val polymorphism (rs4880) alters import of the enzyme into mitochondria and its protective capacity. We aimed to determine the distribution of SOD2 rs4880 in patients with TBI, to relate it to serum malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker of lipid peroxidation, and to assess its association with oxidative-stress-related secondary complications and 6-month functional outcome. The rare APOE variant rs769452 was examined as an exploratory secondary analysis only.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Teaching English For International Lawyers
Teaching English for International Lawyers has become an essential component of modern legal education due to the increasing globalization of legal practice and the growing role of English as the dominant language of international legal communication. This study examines the significance of English language instruction for legal professionals engaged in international law, cross-border transactions, arbitration, treaty negotiations, and international dispute resolution. Particular attention is given to the development of legal vocabulary, professional communication skills, legal drafting, contract interpretation, and courtroom discourse. The article analyzes contemporary teaching methodologies, including English for Specific Purposes (ESP), case-based learning, simulation activities, and technology-assisted language instruction.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine implicated in the chronic inflammation that drives venous wall remodeling and trophic complications in chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). The functional promoter polymorphism G308A (rs1800629) may modify susceptibility to the disease and its complicated forms.
Enhancing The Quality Of Independent Learning In Higher Education Through Artificial Intelligence: Evidence From Digital Learning Environments
The digitalization process significantly impacts every stage of the education system, increasing the importance of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in enhancing independent learning. This article examines the key directions for optimizing independent learning through AI. A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of AI technology integration into the educational process is also conducted based on the experience of developed countries. The research findings contribute to identifying promising directions for using AI technologies and implementing innovative approaches to the development of independent learning
Psychological Features Of The Problem Of Self-Regulation In Education
There is a worldwide need for qualified specialists in higher education who are capable of performing their duties at a high level, taking responsibility for their actions, making informed and appropriate decisions, and adapting to innovative processes. UNESCO, the only UN organization, With jurisdiction over higher education, the organization supports efforts to improve the quality of higher education by ensuring transparency in the education system and providing equal opportunities for all students. In this context, individual and personal characteristics, adaptation to modern professional demands, a creative approach to problems, the ability to find unconventional methods, and teamwork skills are important. Self-development, self-improvement, and self-regulation are pressing issues for students worldwide. Educational and research centers around the world are focusing on research on the following topics: self-regulation, motivation for learning, satisfaction with the learning process, freedom of subject choice, selforganization, self-development, self-realization, holistic individuality, initiative, values and content, individual well-being, as well as motivational and need factors in professional activities
GIS-based assessment of tree oxygen release potential in the desert landscape of Uzbekistan: evidence from saxaul and tamarix stands
This study assesses tree oxygen release potential in the desert landscape of Uzbekistan using a GIS-based analytical framework supported by remote sensing indicators and species-level ecological coefficients. The analysis focuses on saxaul and tamarix stands, which are among the main drought- and salinity-tolerant woody plants used in arid-land restoration. The empirical dataset includes area, precipitation, air temperature, soil salinity, and oxygen-release values expressed as kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The results show that oxygen release in the analyzed desert observations ranged from 130 to 155 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, with a simple mean of 144 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Saxaul showed a higher mean value, 148.3 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, compared with tamarix, 137.5 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The table-based evidence suggests that species selection, moisture availability, and soil salinity jointly influence tree performance in desert restoration sites. The GIS map, scatter plots, and correlation heatmap show that spatial assessment can help interpret oxygen release as a practical ecological indicator, although the statistical relationships should be treated as exploratory because of the limited dataset. The study contributes to dryland restoration planning by showing how GIS, vegetation indices, and site-level ecological variables can support more careful identification of suitable areas for saxaul and tamarix-based afforestation in Uzbekistan’s desert territories
Tree oxygen release dynamics in Uzbekistan: GIS and remote-sensing evidence from phenology, biomass development, spectral response, and climate scenarios
Tree oxygen release is not a fixed ecological value, because it changes with phenological phase, biomass development, canopy condition, and long-term climate stress. This study assesses the dynamic controls on tree oxygen release in Uzbekistan using GIS and remotesensing-supported evidence derived from phenological, biomass, spectral, correlation, and climate-scenario materials. The analysis used species-level values for oak, pine, birch, and plane tree across four phenological phases and four biomass-development stages, together with landscape-specific graphical evidence for saxaul, tamarix, juniper, birch, maple, oak, pine, and almond. The phenological results showed that oxygen release increased sharply from early development to middle development, with the mean value rising from 135 to 287.5 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, before declining to 270 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ during reproduction and 48.75 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ during dormancy. The biomass results showed an even stronger pattern: mean oxygen release increased from 98.75 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ at the initial biomass stage to 337.5 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ at mature biomass, then declined to 175 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ during aging. Spectral-signature and correlation materials confirmed that oxygen release is linked to vegetation vigor indicators such as NDVI and LAI, although the available correlation values remain exploratory. Scenario projections suggested increasing oxygen-release potential under RCP 4.5 and declining performance under RCP 8.5. The study shows that oxygen-release assessment can support restoration monitoring in Uzbekistan when it is interpreted as an ecological productivity indicator and integrated with GIS, remote sensing, and long-term climate adaptation planning
Gamification And Exergaming In Physical Education: Enhancing Students’ Motivation, Engagement And Physical Literacy
This article examines gamification and exergaming as modern pedagogical tools for improving students’ motivation, engagement and physical literacy in physical education. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to make physical education lessons more inclusive, emotionally meaningful and responsive to the learning style of today’s schoolchildren. The article argues that game-based tasks, team missions, achievement systems, role distribution, movement challenges and digital exergames can transform physical education from a set of repetitive exercises into a purposeful learning environment. Special attention is paid to psycho-pedagogical mechanisms such as autonomy, competence, social relatedness, novelty, positive emotions and the experience of success. The paper also discusses methodological conditions for effective use of gamification: clear educational goals, age-appropriate rules, safety, fair participation, differentiated tasks and reflective feedback. The article concludes that gamification and exergaming should not be treated as entertainment added to the lesson, but as a structured strategy that develops movement competence, confidence, cooperation and a sustainable interest in an active lifestyle
Effectively Teaching Legal English: Developing Students’ Understanding of Legal Terms and Collocations
Teaching Legal English has become an important part of modern language education, especially in universities where students prepare for careers in law, international relations, business, and translation. However, many students experience difficulties understanding and using legal terminology and collocations appropriately in professional communication. This article discusses effective approaches to teaching Legal English with special attention to legal terms and collocations. The paper highlights the importance of contextual learning, interactive classroom activities, communicative methods, and student-centered instruction. Particular emphasis is placed on role plays, case studies, collaborative learning, and practical vocabulary exercises that help students use legal language naturally and confidently. The article also examines the challenges teachers face in Legal English classrooms and offers practical recommendations for improving student engagement and language retention. The study concludes that successful teaching of Legal English requires not only vocabulary instruction but also meaningful communication and professional context.
Strengthening Uzbekistan’s Interregional Cooperation with Central Asian Countries Through Environmental Factors
This article analyzes the processes of strengthening the interregional cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan with the countries of Central Asia, particularly from the perspective of environmental factors. Based on the foreign policy priorities outlined in the Development Strategy of the New Uzbekistan for 2022–2026, the study highlights issues of regional integration and economic, cultural, and environmental cooperation. The ideas of peace, mutual trust, and solidarity promoted by Shavkat Mirziyoyev serve to further strengthen ecological and social cooperation among the states of the region.
The Functional Significance Of Vocal Exercises In Training Academic Singers
This article analyzes the functional significance of vocal exercises in the process of training academic singers, as well as their role in shaping the vocal apparatus, developing breathing techniques, activating the resonator system, and improving performing skills. During the study, the theoretical foundations of vocal pedagogy, the types of academic vocal exercises, and the specific features of their practical application were examined. In addition, methodological recommendations aimed at the effective use of vocal exercises in modern vocal education were developed. The research employed methods such as pedagogical observation, comparative analysis, the study of methodological literature, and the generalization of practical experience
The "Digital Spotlight" Vs. The Physical Podium: A Comparative Analysis Of Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety (Flsa) In Virtual And Traditional Classrooms
Abstract One of the greatest barriers to oral performance in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) situations is still Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety (FLSA). The medium of delivery, however, has emerged as a new variable due to the quick institutionalization of virtual and hybrid learning environments by 2026. The actual classroom and the virtual (video-conferencing) environment are two different teaching contexts in which this study examines the manifestation of FLSA. This study uses the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) to measure self-reported anxiety levels and physiological stress markers in a cohort of 120 university-level EFL students using a mixed-methods approach. According to quantitative findings, virtual settings increase the "digital spotlight effect," in which students feel more pressured because of the continuous exposure of their own video stream and the perceived intensity of peer attention, even if they decrease social presence. On the other hand, physical classrooms cause anxiety that stems from impromptu turn-taking and close closeness. In order to close the "willingness to communicate" (WTC) gap, the study suggests that virtual speaking fear is a unique psychological construct that calls for certain pedagogical interventions, such as "cameraoff" brainstorming phases and asynchronous oral pre-tasks
Sociocultural Aspects Of Declarative Speech Acts In English And Uzbek Languages
Declarative speech acts are the types of utterances that adjust the reality or external situation simply by being uttered. The article analyzes sociocultural aspects of declarative speech acts in English and Uzbek languages. A comparative study shows what identical and diverse points declaratives possess in terms of their sociocultural factors in literary works of Abdulla Kahhar and Somerset Maugham. The study is a contribution to intercultural pragmatics and comparative linguistics by way of a deeper understanding into both social and cultural of declarative speech acts
This article provides a comprehensive exploration of the historical formation and progressive evolution of vocal performance science, conceptualised as a sophisticated interdisciplinary field that integrates aesthetic artistic expression with rigorous scientific knowledge. The study systematically traces the development of academic vocal art from its initial intuitive origins to the eventual establishment of highly structured pedagogical systems. Particular emphasis is placed on the transformative impact of the Italian bel canto tradition, the pioneering scientific discoveries of Manuel García II, and the foundational methodological contributions provided by both European and Russian vocal schools. The findings demonstrate that the synergistic integration of art and science has significantly enhanced vocal training methodologies, thereby enabling more effective skill acquisition and the preservation of long-term vocal health. Furthermore, the study underscores the critical importance of interdisciplinary competence for contemporary vocal educators, who are increasingly required to synthesise artistic sensitivity with an empirical scientific understanding of the human voice. The prospects for future research in this domain are closely associated with the innovative application of artificial intelligence and personalised digital learning technologies within the framework of modern vocal training
Developing Communicative Skills In Primary School Students Through Innovative Pedagogical Technologies
This article is devoted to examining the importance and effectiveness of innovative pedagogical technologies in developing communicative skills among primary school students. The study analyzes existing challenges and, based on the results of a pedagogical experiment, provides a scientific justification for the positive impact of innovative methods on enhancing speech activity, expanding vocabulary, developing logical thinking, and fostering collaboration skills. The article highlights the role of interactive methods such as the “Idea Box,” “Two Stars and a Wish,” project-based activities, problem-based situations, and other learner-centered approaches in improving educational effectiveness. The findings demonstrate that the integration of innovative technologies into the educational process creates opportunities for developing 21stcentury skills in students.
The Historiography of the Study of Bukhara Costumes in the 19th and 20th Centuries
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the traditional clothing of the Uzbeks in the Bukhara oasis—one of the unique historical-ethnographic regions of our Republic— developed into a distinct form. The costume complex preserved characteristics specific to various ethnic groups, reflecting the diverse aspects of the sartorial culture across the region’s ethnicities. Naturally, such features necessitate a comprehensive analysis of the traditional attire worn by the oasis population during this period. This article focuses on the study of traditional men's clothing in the Bukhara oasis, examining the types of fabrics, ornaments, and colors utilized, as well as the symbolic meanings they conveyed. Apparel serves as a significant indicator of an individual's gender, social background, societal status, and prestige
Logistics Engineering And Supply Chain Management Development In Cooperation With China: Modern Trends And Practical Implementation
This study examines the development of logistics engineering and supply chain management in the context of international cooperation between Uzbekistan and China. The research analyzes modern trends in logistics systems, including digital transformation, smart logistics technologies, and efficient supply chain optimization. Special attention is given to China’s advanced experience in infrastructure development, transportation networks, and logistics innovation. The study highlights how cooperation between the two countries contributes to improving logistics efficiency, reducing transportation costs, and enhancing trade connectivity. The results show that the integration of Chinese logistics models into Uzbekistan’s system can significantly improve operational performance and economic competitiveness.
Modern Transportation Systems Development In Uzbekistan-China Cooperation: Infrastructure, Innovation, And Integration
This study examines the development of modern transportation systems in the context of Uzbekistan–China cooperation, focusing on infrastructure expansion, technological innovation, and regional integration. The research analyzes how China’s advanced transportation experience, including high-speed rail networks, smart transport systems, and integrated logistics corridors, contributes to the modernization of Uzbekistan’s transport infrastructure. Special attention is given to the Belt and Road Initiative, which plays a key role in strengthening cross-border connectivity and trade efficiency between the two countries. The findings indicate that cooperation with China significantly accelerates Uzbekistan’s transportation system development, improves mobility, and enhances regional economic integration.
Clinical And Laboratory Effects Of Dietotherapy In Chronic Viral Hepatitis B
Chronic viral hepatitis B (CHB) remains a significant epidemiological and clinical challenge in the global healthcare system. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 250 million people worldwide live with this infection, and approximately 800,000 deaths annually are associated with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In recent years, dietotherapy has been increasingly recognized as an important adjunct in the comprehensive management of liver diseases. This literature review aims to evaluate the impact of dietotherapy on clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with CHB. The findings indicate that dietotherapy serves as an important complementary component to antiviral therapy. However, methodological heterogeneity and a lack of long-term randomized controlled trials remain notable limitations in the existing literature
Assessment Of The Status, Functioning And Level Of Integration Of Existing Transport Hub Systems In Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan, as a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia, faces unique challenges in developing an efficient, integrated, and competitive transport system. This article presents a comprehensive assessment of the status, functioning, and level of integration of existing transport hub systems across Uzbekistan. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative infrastructure performance indicators, spatial analysis, and institutional review, the study evaluates the operational efficiency of key multimodal transport hubs, including those in Tashkent, Bukhara, Navoi, Samarkand, and Termez. The analysis reveals that while significant capital investments have been made in recent years to modernize individual transport modes—particularly rail and air—the level of intermodal integration remains insufficient. Fragmented governance structures, incompatible information systems, regulatory barriers, and underinvestment in last-mile connectivity continue to impede the seamless transfer of passengers and freight across modes. The article proposes a set of evidence-based policy recommendations aimed at enhancing transport hub integration, including the adoption of unified digital platforms, institutional consolidation, public-private partnership frameworks, and alignment with international transit corridor standards.
Development of Oral Communicative Competence Among Students of NonLinguistic Universities in the Context of Digital Transformation
The article examines the development of oral communication skills among students of non-linguistic universities in the context of digitalization and reduced classroom hours. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to improve the quality of foreign language training under conditions of limited instructional time and increasing group sizes. The aim of the research is to identify effective ways to intensify the learning process with a focus on developing oral communicative competence. The study employs methods such as literature analysis, pedagogical observation, and experimental teaching. The authors substantiate the effectiveness of interactive teaching methods, including roleplaying, project-based learning, case studies, and presentations, as well as the use of digital educational resources. Particular attention is given to the organization of independent student work and the creation of a success-oriented learning environment. The findings demonstrate that the integrated application of these approaches enhances student motivation, increases speech activity, and improves the overall quality of learning outcomes.
Theoretical Analysis Of Fiber Separation In A Developed Laboratory Valic Gin
This article presents the results of Post-BuildIn this case, the MathematicalOh Modeland Ton the basis of the force analysis, describing the dynamics of separation of the fiber from the seed under the action of the working bodies of the two-knife system. This model will allow you to calculate the trajectory of the flyer, determine the separation time and optimize the system parameters.
Abdugapparova Shakhodatkhon Nayibzhanovna
Methodical Training Of Students Based On Adequate Models Through International Experiences
This article explores the theoretical and methodological foundations of employing adequate pedagogical models as a strategic mechanism for enhancing methodological training within modern educational systems. It analyzes the epistemological, axiological, and aesthetic functions of pedagogical modeling and elucidates various model types grounded in cognitive, constructivist, and competency-based approaches. Drawing on international experience, the study examines approaches that integrate case studies, project-based methodological frameworks, simulated environments, and digital technologies to foster students’ methodological competencies. Furthermore, the article highlights innovative teaching strategies such as the use of STEM educational technologies for adequate modeling processes, the practical outcomes of applied activities, and the essence of creative approaches, exemplified through international best practices. It also discusses strategies for developing complex methodological competencies in students, emphasizing the significance of modeling in teaching methods and instructional design.
Methods Of Management And Control Of General Production Costs
In the article The purpose of this article is to study the issues of conducting audits in order to properly maintain and effectively use the accounting records of production costs and general production costs of products (works and services) in business entities and make specific decisions on minimizing costs, as well as to provide feedback on improving the theoretical and practical foundations of accounting and auditing based on the requirements of a market economy.
Developing Professional Competence Of Engineers Through The Integration Of Physics And General Professional Disciplines
This article highlights the importance of integrating physics and electrical engineering for developing professional competencies in engineering education. The article analyzes the main theoretical foundations of physics and its connections with electrical engineering. It describes the integration between physics and electrical engineering, the role of physical knowledge in developing engineers' practical and analytical skills, as well as in effectively solving engineering problems
Morpho-Functional Characteristics Of Girls Specialized In NonTraditional Sports
In recent decades, the number of girls taking interest in non-traditional sports has grown considerably worldwide. While traditional sports have long held mainstream favor, this emerging trend has sparked significant scientific curiosity in the analysis of morphofunctional characteristics in female athletes breaking new ground in disciplines such as martial arts, powerlifting, skateboarding, sport climbing, rugby, and others. Understanding these parameters is essential for developing effective training protocols, optimizing performance, ensuring safety, and promoting holistic development among young female athletes.
Morpho-Functional Characteristics Of Girls Specialized In Neutral Sports
The study of morpho-functional characteristics in girls specialized in neutral sports is a relevant topic in contemporary sports science and medicine. Neutral sports, which typically involve balanced physical activity focusing on endurance, agility, flexibility, and overall harmonious body development, have a significant impact on the morphofunctional development of young female athletes. The analysis of these characteristics is crucial for optimizing training programs, improving athletic performance, and ensuring the overall health of young sportswomen
Intercultural Conflicts And Their Resolution Strategies: A Linguocultural Analysis Of UzbekRussian-English Culture-Specific Lexicon
This paper develops a linguocultural account of how culture-specific lexicon and conventionalized expressions generate intercultural conflicts in communication and translation, and how such conflicts can be systematically resolved. Building on contrastive Uzbek-Russian evidence, the study extends the analysis to English to show that conflict of meanings emerges not only from denotational mismatch but, more critically, from connotative polarity shifts, taboo asymmetries, register dissonance, and collocational incompatibilities that misguide recipients and destabilize pragmatic intent.
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This study explores lexical transformations in translation, focusing on concretization, generalization, addition (explicitation), and omission. These procedures are essential for achieving semantic equivalence, cultural adequacy, and stylistic naturalness in the target text. Concretization increases precision by replacing general terms with specific ones, while generalization simplifies overly specific expressions for clarity. The analysis of Gʻafur Gʻulom’s Shum bola (“Naughty Boy”) illustrates how these strategies enable translators to convey meaning accurately and naturally. The findings highlight that lexical transformations are dynamic, context-sensitive strategies rather than mechanical substitutions, emphasizing the creative and interpretive nature of translation.
Drug Addiction - A Threat To Societal Development: Society’s Unity In The Fight Against It
The article analyzes issues related to combating narcotic drugs, which are among the most pressing global problems in today’s world. It also examines the causes and consequences of drug addiction and presents scientific proposals and recommendations on measures to prevent and combat it.