Eurasian Journal of Physics,Chemistry and Mathematics
Eurasian Journal of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics (EJPCM) is an Open Access, Peer Reviewed, International, Refereed, Scientific Journal that publishes original research and review articles related to diverse research in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. The main objective of Eurasian Journal of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics (EJPCM) is to offer an intellectual platform to the international scholars and it aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in areas of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. All manuscripts must be prepared in English language and subject to a rigorous peer-review process. The scope of the journal is not limited to- Physics: Astrophysics, Biophysics, Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, Dielectrics and Ferro-electricity, Instrumentation and Metrology, Laser Optics and Spectroscopy, Magnetism and Superconductivity, Molecular Physics, Nano-magnetism, Nanophysics Nonlinear dynamics and Complex Systems, Nuclear Physics, Particle Physics, Photonics, Plasma Physics, Relativity and Cosmology, Semiconductors and devices, Space physics Chemistry: Agricultural Chemistry, Biochemistry, Biological Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Colloid Science, Crystallography and Process Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Environmental Chemistry, Food Science, Industrial Chemistry, Materials and Polymers, Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Petroleum Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry. Mathematics: Algebra, Applied commutative algebra and algebraic geometry, Applied mathematics, Differential equations, Experimental mathematics, Functional analysis, Geometry, Theoretical computer science, Integral and integral differential equations, Mathematical modelling, Mathematical biology, Numerical computation and applications of systems ISSN (E): 2795-7667 Journal Impact Factor: 7.825
Foundations Of The Theory Of Empirical Characteristic Functions
Probabilities theory random of events event to give probability based on other of events probability determination with practitioner mathematics from networks is one. Each of the event face to give probability is close to 1 if so , it in practice almost to consider inevitable possible. Therefore for probabilities in theory probability is close to 1 was situations big importance profession will reach.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Stopping power of the 12C carbon nucleus for a projectile in p12C collisions at a momentum of 4.2 GeV/s
In this paper, the stopping power of carbon nuclei in interactions of protons with a momentum of 4.2 GeV/s with carbon nuclei is studied, based on the study of multiple spectra of secondary charged particles, π- mesons, π+ mesons and protons of the participants depending on the degree of centrality. The obtained experimental data are compared with the calculations of the theoretical CEM model (cascade-evaporation model) and the FRITIOF model with and without taking into account Δ+ and Δ0-isobars. It is shown that in central interactions the primary proton loses a significant part of its energy and the fraction of leading protons increases, while the fraction of target protons is maximal in events with Q = 1 and decreases rapidly in events with Q ≥ 5. This result reflects the softening of the spectrum of fast target protons as the centrality of collisions increases.
The characteristic polynomial and the Cayley-Hamilton theorem. The trace and the determinant maps
In this paper, we provid a information the characteristic polynomial and the CayleyHamelton theorem, the trace and the determinant maps discuss the application of the theorem, and demonstrate its implementation in the OMOUS- 2024 and BIMO- 2026 olympiads.
polynomial and the Cayley-Hamelton theorem
Mathematical Foundations Of Inverse And Ill-Posed Problems
This article examines the fundamental concepts of inverse and ill-posed problems, their classification, and theoretical foundations in the context of mathematical physics. Issues related to the formulation of inverse problems based on differential equations and boundary conditions are discussed, including the correctness and stability of their solutions. The differences between weakly and strongly ill-posed problems are also analyzed, along with their practical applications and methods for stabilizing solutions.
Effect Of Gamma And Electron Irradiation On The Optical Characteristics Of Mgf2 Crystals And Ceramics
This paper examines the effects of γ-ray and electron irradiation on the optical properties of MgF2 crystals and ceramics. The samples were irradiated with γ-rays over a wide dose range and with a 4 MeV electron beam in the fluence range of 1014–1015 cm-2. A combination of methods was used to study the opaque ceramic samples, including optical and infrared transmission and reflectance measurements, elemental and phase composition analysis, determination of the crystal structure of the near-surface layer, and scanning electron microscopy. For the first time, a deviation in the stoichiometric composition of the near-surface layer of fluoride materials after irradiation was detected using two independent methods-local elemental analysis using characteristic X-rays and IR spectroscopy. The appearance of oxygen in the surface layer was established, which may be related to radiation-induced processes leading to fluorine loss and changes in the chemical composition of MgF2. The obtained results expand our understanding of the mechanisms of radiation-induced defect formation and modification of the optical properties of MgF2 crystals and ceramics.
Optimization Of The Process Of Heating An Oil And Gas Condensate Mixture By Light Naphtha Vapor In Heat- Exchanger Condenser 10e04
This study investigates the optimization of heating a 30% oil-70% gas condensate mixture in the industrial shell-and-tube heat exchanger-condenser 10E-04 at the Bukhara Oil Refinery. The mixture flow rate was 105,508 kg/h, with an inlet temperature of 96.1°C and a naphtha vapor condensation temperature of 136.6°C. A refined mathematical model accounting for temperature-dependent changes in density (768- 744 kg/m3), heat capacity (2180-2310 J/kg·°C), and viscosity (0.0032-0.0023 Pa·s) was applied, improving calculation accuracy by 20-30%. The overall heat transfer coefficient was 270 W/m2·K. Analysis showed that at the regulated outlet temperature of 111.7°C, only 72% of the 273 m2 heat transfer surface is effectively utilized. The optimal outlet temperature was determined as 107.3°C, corresponding to a required surface of 220 m². At this condition, pump power consumption is 15.4 kW and the minimum specific technological cost is 285.12 sum/kg. The optimized regime reduces effective heat transfer surface by 19% and lowers technological costs by approximately 3-4%, revealing additional thermal capacity reserves of the apparatus.
Urea Formaldehyde Aniline Based Polymer Ligand Synthesis And Research
The work presents the results of the synthesis of polymer ligands based on urea, formaldehyde, and aniline via the condensation/polycondensation method, followed by modification with target functional groups. The obtained copolymers were characterized using FT-IR, 1H/13C NMR, thermogravimetry (TGA/DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and elemental analysis. The acid-base properties, density of donor centers, and complexation ability with model heavy metal ions in an aqueous medium were investigated. It was established that the synthesized materials possess high thermal stability, high functional group content, and efficient sorption/complexation performance, making them promising for applications in analytical chemistry, wastewater treatment, and as precursors for the fabrication of specific sorbents and ion exchangers. Where necessary, data on sorption kinetics and isotherms are provided.
Synthesis Of Biodegradable Hydrogels From Polyacrylonitrile (Pan)-Based Carpet Waste And Cotton Linter And Their Application In Agriculture
Schematic illustration of a sustainable waste-to-resource approach for the synthesis of hybrid biodegradable hydrogels from PAN-based carpet manufacturing waste and cotton linter. Alkaline hydrolysis of PAN introduces hydrophilic carboxylate and amide groups, followed by crosslinking with different agents (citric acid, epichlorohydrin, MBAA, and glutaraldehyde) to form three-dimensional PAN–cellulose networks. The resulting hydrogels exhibit high water absorption, improved soil moisture retention, reduced irrigation demand, and tunable biodegradability, demonstrating their potential as eco-friendly soil amendments for sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions
Photoluminescent properties in quantum-sized structures Cd0,83Zn0.17Te/ZnTe/GaAs of GaAs and AlXGa1-XAs
The change in optical characteristics was determined with the influence of electron and X-ray irradiation in the buffer layers of quantum-sized structures Cd0,83Zn0.17Te/ZnTe/GaAs. Changes in the maxima, bands corresponding to 500 nm and 560-580 nm, associated with transitions on DA pairs, as well as bands I1=2.48 eV (500 nm) and I2=2.21 eV (550 nm) were determined. The I2 band is attributed to a transition associated with intrinsic defects in the ES.
The influence of ytterbium on the optical properties of epitaxial films of GaAs and AlXGa1-XAs
The emission characteristics of epitaxial layers of GaAs and AlXGa1-XAs with the addition of the rare earth element Yb were determined using the photoluminescence method. In the exciton regions of AlXGa1-XAs epitaxial films, new photoluminescence maximum lines were determined for the doped ytterbium atoms. The influence of the ytterbium atom concentration on the change in the photoluminescence characteristics of GaAs and AlXGa1-XAs epitaxial films has been determined.
Use Of Black Solanum (Solanum Nigrum.) In Folk Medicine
People have encountered various phenomena in their daily lives, learned whether a plant is sweet or sour, tasteless or delicious, poisonous or non-poisonous. As a result, they began to pay attention to the medicinal properties of plants. Medicinal plants are widely and rationally used in folk and scientific medicine. Medicinal properties are also present in many types of weeds, and these properties have been studied as a result of research conducted by scientists. In this article, we would like to provide information about the medicinal properties of one of such plants, black solanum.
Size- Dependent Optical Properties Of Nanoparticles
The rapid development of nanotechnology requires a thorough understanding of the size-dependent optical properties of nanoparticles. In this study, the synthesis, size control, and optical characterization of gold (Au), silver (Ag) nanoparticles, and CdSe quantum dots were investigated. The results showed that the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of Au nanoparticles shifted to longer wavelengths with increasing particle size, while Ag nanoparticles exhibited sharper and higher amplitude SPR peaks.These findings highlight the potential applications of nanoparticles in biosensing, bioimaging, photonics, energy conversion, and photothermal therapy.
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Mathematical Model Of Regulation Of Dynamic Processes In Systems With Distributed Parameters (On The Example Of Flooding In Oil Fields)
The paper considers an applied problem of regulating dynamic flooding processes in the development of oil fields. Mathematical models, computational algorithms, and the results of a computational experiment are presented.
Comparison Of Runge–Kutta, Multistep, And Crank Nicolson Schemes For Time Integration In The Numerical Solution Of The Heat Equation
In this paper, three time-integration approaches for the numerical solution of the one dimensional heat conduction equation are compared, namely one-step Runge Kutta methods, Adams-type multistep methods, and the Crank–Nicolson scheme. As a model problem we consider the classical heat equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions, discretized in space by second-order central finite differences. The resulting system of linear ODEs is integrated in time using the fourth-order Runge Kutta method, the three step Adams Bashforth Moulton predictor–corrector pair, and the Crank–Nicolson scheme, which is equivalent to the trapezoidal rule. We analyze the local and global orders of accuracy, stability properties, and computational efficiency of these methods.
heat equation, Runge–Kutta methods, multistep methods, Adams–Bashforth, Adams–Moulton, Crank–Nicolson scheme, stability, global error, finite differences
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Generation And Aggregation Of Radiation Defects In Lif Crystals Under Gamma Irradiation
The absorption spectra of LiF crystals irradiated with gamma radiation in a 60Co source at a power of 1200 R/s in the dose range of 105–108 R and a temperature of 320 K were studied. Gamma irradiation initially produces F -centers in the crystal, with an absorption band peaking at 250 nm and increasing in intensity with increasing dose across the entire range of doses studied. Increasing the irradiation dose leads to interactions between F - centers and the formation of more complex complexes, such as F2 - and F2⁺ - centers. The increase in the intensity of these bands, especially those of the R - and N- centers, at doses above 107 R indicates defect aggregation and the formation of stable color centers, which are the basis for the formation of nanoparticles in the crystal structure
Applying some lemmas and theorems in calculating limits
The article considers the issues of facilitating the process of calculating the limits of some non-standard sequences and functions using linear permutations, lemmas and theorems. Also, applications of calculating the limits of some sequences and classes of functions using simple permutations to theoretical and practical problems are presented.
Practical Aspects Of Teaching Medical Terminology In A Modern University
The article presents an in-depth analysis of practical and methodological aspects of teaching medical terminology in modern higher education. It explores the historical background of the discipline’s development, the cognitive and competence-based approaches, and the latest pedagogical technologies used in medical universities. Special attention is paid to the integration of Latin terminology with medical disciplines, the use of digital resources, and the development of terminological thinking and professional speech among students.
Basic Concepts Of IntegralDifferential Equations
This article analyzes the essence of integro-differential equations, their role in mathematical modeling, and their significance for describing physical, technical, and biological processes. Integro-differential equations represent a class of complex equations that combine differential and integral operations. The article discusses their main types, solution methods, and the advantages of analytical and numerical approaches. The influence of the integral kernel and boundary conditions on the equation's solution is also theoretically substantiated
A Matlab-Based Least-Squares Method For Processing Experimental Data In Physics Education
This article examines the feasibility of using a MatLab application to approximate experimental data using the least-squares method. Examples are provided for linear, quadratic, and other relationships between physical quantities.
Radioecological Monitoring And Safety Issues Of The Soil-Water System Of The Zarafshan Oasis
This article examines the radioecological state of the soil–water system in the Zarafshan Valley and highlights issues of radiation safety shaped by both natural and anthropogenic factors. The research involved analyzing soil and water samples to determine the composition of radioactive elements, their migration patterns, and bioaccumulation processes. Particular attention was given to assessing potential ecological risks that may affect agricultural land productivity and public health. On the basis of the Zarafshan Valley case study, scientific and practical recommendations were developed to improve the system of radioecological monitoring. The findings of the study hold significant importance for ensuring regional ecological stability, promoting the rational use of natural resources, and strengthening radiation safety.
Educational Prospects Of Nanoscience And Nanotechnologies For Enhancing Students’ Scientific Literacy
Nanoscience and nanotechnologies (NNT) occupy a central place in the scientific and technological progress of the 21st century. They deal with the study and manipulation of matter at the nanometer scale, where unique physical, chemical, and biological properties emerge. Along with their rapid development, nanotechnologies are gaining increasing importance in education, as they directly contribute to the enhancement of scientific and technological literacy (STL).
Four-Dimensional Algebras А4 With Radical R(A4) Of Dimension 0 And 1"
The structure constants of the algebra A4 define, in four-dimensional affine space, a system of curvilinear coordinates with constant connection coefficients. The study of curvilinear coordinates with constant connection coefficients is related to the study and classification of commutative and associative algebras А4. Therefore, this work considers the classification of commutative and associative algebras A4 with radical R(A4) of dimension 0 and 1.
Effectiveness Of Interactive Methods In Teaching Several Methods Of Factoring Polynomials
This article analyzes the importance of using interactive methods in teaching the topic “Applying various methods of factoring polynomials” in mathematics lessons at general education schools. Recommendations are given on using interactive methods such as “State the rule correctly” and “Who is quick and skilled?” during the lesson to increase students’ active engagement, ensure thorough understanding of the topic, and promote independent thinking. The application of various methods for factoring polynomials based on practical examples is highlighted
Exictence Of Generalized Solution Of Equations Of A Hyperbolic Type
Initial-boundary value problems for equations of a hyperbolic type are widely used in mathematical physics, technical science and other fields. For instance, describing a large class of natural phenomena: solving of wave equations, concepts of the classical and generalized suolution, as well as their difference and existence is given the target thesis For the different types of equations constructing of boundary conditions and their types, Cauchy problems with initial-boundary value problems are covered for the mixed issues. Classical mathematical physics problems are presented brought solving boundary value problems for second-order particular derivative differential equations. In the circumstance, finding and learning the initial-boundary value problems for the higherorder particular derivative mixed equations have become an urgent problem. Existence of the solutions of particular derivative mixed problems constructing with initialboundary value conditions and researched finding of them. When none of the classical solution in the given problem, might be find generalized solution with the generalized functions corresponding to that. funksiyalar bilan umumlashgan yechimni topish mumkin.
Use Of Differential Equations In Solving Filtering Problems, Solution By Euler, Heun And Runge-Kutt Methods
In this article, it is known from ordinary differential equation courses, if ' y f x, y = ( ) in a differential equation f x, y ( ) and if the equation is complex, to find the appropriate solution, it is important to use approximate methods. In this article, the concepts and examples of the approximate calculation of differential equations solved with respect to the derivative are considered.
The Formation Of Interest In Physics In Schoolchildren Based On Didactic Approaches
This article explores modern didactic approaches that effectively engage pupils in the physics learning process. It discusses problem-based learning, interactive methods, project-based instruction, and the integration of digital technologies. Practical examples are used to demonstrate how these strategies enhance pupils’ critical thinking, inquiry skills, and interest in physics education.
Synthesis, Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of [MnCl4](L1.H)2 Complex Derived from Manganese(II) Chloride and Novocaine Hydrochloride
This study reports the synthesis and characterization of a manganese(II) complex with protonated novocaine. The complex was prepared by reacting MnCl₂ (0.005 mol) and novocaine hydrochloride (0.01 mol) in aqueous solution under magnetic stirring at 800 rpm for 1.5 hours, followed by slow evaporation for 21 days, yielding crystalline [MnCl4](L1·H)2. X-ray diffraction revealed a monoclinic system (I2/a) with Mn²⁺ coordinated by four chloride ions in a distorted tetrahedral geometry. IR spectroscopy confirmed N–H, C–H, C=O, and Mn–Cl vibrational modes, while UV-Vis analysis showed d–d transitions (λ_max = 508 nm) and ligand-centered π→π*, n→π* absorptions. SEMEDS mapping validated elemental composition and coordination effects on ligand microstructure. Thermal analysis showed two main decomposition stages between 183– 215 °C and 245–424 °C, with mass loss indicating improved thermal stability. XRD patterns and diffractograms confirmed the individuality of the complex compared to the free ligand. The reproducible spectroscopic, crystallographic, and morphological results suggest the complex's potential for further studies in coordination chemistry and material science.
Thermogravimetric Analysis Of The Complex Compound Formed By 4- Nitrophenylacetic Acid With Ce Ion
4-Nitrophenylacetic acid (4-NPA), belonging to the class of nitroaromatic acids, is one of the important intermediate compounds widely studied in the fields of pharmaceuticals, coordination chemistry, materials science, and biochemistry. Its molecule simultaneously contains an electron-accepting nitro group (-NO2) and an aromatic ring bonded with an acidic carboxyl group (-COOH) and a methylene group (-CH2-). This structure forms the basis for its manifestation as a compound with diverse physicochemical, complexing, and biologically active properties. This article summarizes the physicochemical, structural, and biological properties of 4-nitrophenylacetic acid based on various literary sources, providing a comprehensive analysis of their interrelationships, potential applications, and chemical reactivity
Preparation of calcium peroxide from liquid waste of the Kungrad soda plant and use in thepulp industry
Soda ash is the main product of the chemical industry, which is used in glass production, the metallurgical, the pulp and paper industry and other. Currently,industry uses the Solvay method to produce soda ash